Linguistic nationalism is the belief that language is central to a nation's identity. This can be seen in the existence of national languages, historical programs of linguistic assimilation (eg. the French government making active efforts to eliminate Breton and Occitan language), and the differentiation of mutually intelligible languages on political grounds (splitting of Serbo-Croat into Serbian and Croatian, splitting of Hindustani into Urdu and Hindi)

The cyber-arms market refers to the trade of software vulnerabilities, exploits, and hacking tools. In recent years, companies such as Zerodium and NSO Group have emerged to operate in the legal segment of this market. These firms acquire exploits both through in-house research and by offering public bounty programs, where they publish price lists detailing substantial payouts, ranging from tens of thousands to millions of dollars, for previously unknown vulnerabilities that meet specific criteria (for example,  $1 million for a verified iOS remote code execution exploit)

Private equity refers to a class of businesses which buy and invest in private companies (companies which are not publically listed on stock exchanges). In recent years an increasing percentage of Youtube channels have been purchased by private equity firms including CocoMelon, Veritasium, and Game Theory. The nature of these contracts is often undisclosed, but typically involves the private equity firm keeping on the original creators as part owners or employees who are paid a fixed salary or percentage of revenue.

In Latin America, Catholicism has declined from 90% of the population in 1970 to 65% today. At the same time, the number of non-affiliated people has quadrupled from 4% to 16% from 1996 to 2020 and Evangelicalism has risen from 10% in 2002 to 20% today.

"Sin Cities" refers to cities where criminalized/heavily regulated vices (prostitution, gambling, illicit drugs) are legalized. Examples include Amsterdam, Macau, Tijuana.

A pegged currency is one in which the exchange rate between two currencies is fixed to a set rate (ex. the Danish krone (DKK) is pegged to the euro at a central rate of 746.038 kroner per 100 euro, with a 'fluctuation band' of +/- 2.25 per cent). A government maintains a peg by buying and selling foreign reserves to ensure a set price. A floating exchange rate is one in which the relative exchange rate of currencies is determined entirely by the supply and demand of the currency on the open foreign exchange market. The Canadian dollar was previously pegged to the US dollar from 1962 to 1970